insurance: Worldwide history

The Initial forms of the insurance appeared in deep antiquity. As far back as slave-holding society were a voluntary agreements, in which possible distinguish the line of the modern insurance contract. The most ancient rules of the insurance, come across before us, are stated in one their books of the Talmud.

The History of the insurance begin with XIII age most often and involve with development of the navigation in Italies. Already then insurance was considered as financial activity, directed on indemnifying the losses.

Meantime operations, in which remote were examined begin insurance activity, appeared already in SHumere (the area in Mesopotamii - Dvurechie, now South Iraq, where in 4-3 millennium first class state Ur ed before our era, Uruk and Lagash); the local dealer protruded the financial warranty or amount of the money (in the form of the loan or making the general pay-desk) for protection their interest in the event of loss of the cargo during transportation

Later, in Babylon (the ancient city in Mesopotamii, in HIH-XI vv. before n. e. capital Vavilonii), appeared the special groups "merchant-borrower", which specially loaned their own colleagues, solved "to set off in long journey" (exactly so named then operations on import-export) and did not require the money back in the event of theft or losses of goods during transportation.

Sea trade, which developed the quick rate in Sredizemnomorie, promoted the development of the initial forms of the insurance. This practice was wide-spread in Athens, about than witnessed in their own work Demosfen (beside 384-322 before n. e.; the athenian orator); the merchant got loan, returned her(it) only in the event of successful termination of its enterprise (the journeys), herewith he returned on 30% more money, than occupied. The Percent - draconian. This, certainly, not yet insurance, but the total beginning, including in that as to amount of the rate, there is.

In antique world workmans, occupied on such construction, as egyptian pyramids, lock Solomon (beside 970-931 before n.e.) and pr., organized the pay-desks mutual aid in favour of that from their own colleagues or their family, which got the injuries or perished as a result of accident.

In condition of the economic growing, which existed at the end XII - begin XIII v., Roman catholic church, possessed practically by unlimited influence, could not remain in side from rising practical persons by money and developments usury.

In timeses of the Roman Empire to representatives authorities themselves became the guarantor from determined risk, signing special protocols with supplier and merchant, which undertook the obligation to supply the legionnaire in Spain; indemnifying the damage from loss court, carried weapon and goods life support, in the event of hostilities or storm, For long route on Mediterranean epidemic deathes used and practice of the granting the loans: from 50% and above from merit cost of the cargo and ship (usura infinitae).

In 1234 decree-law of the pope(pa) Grigoriya IX are forbidden all operations, connected with usury: in accordance with principle of the HOLY SCRIPTURE. However, understanding need of the loans and loan for development of the economy, church in some time a little changes its decision, allowing usury, but with reasonable rate, open road for appearance of the theories "reasonable rate": got remuneration must be pro rata service, rendered thereby merchant, person, âçÿâøåìó in debt, or any other managing subject, with clause that "it is impossible give the money in growing near relative its".

Forbiding and limiting usury, church could powerfully obstruct the development to sea trade. But actions church promoted the formation of the efficient system of protection from risk - an appearance of the insurance agreement. After the first decision .church salesmen-bankers tried to avoid the formal prohibition, In book "Gold and spices" ZHan Favie brings the tale an ãåíóýçöà Benedetto Zaharii; in 1298 he has sold more than 30 tons Delphian to salts its compatriot. The Cargo must was be delivered in Bryugge, In the same agreement was said that Zahariya undertakes newly to buy whole cargo on his(its) arrival in port of the purpose on the price, stipulated beforehand, but above, than the price of the sale. Thereby between port of shipment and purposes Zahariya risked only its ship. The Difference between the price of the repeated buying and sale is nothing other, as the price of the risk and changes the percent on loan, prohibited church. Through such schemes salesmen, the seafarers and borrowers also promoted the birth of the insurance agreement.

In 1559 sir Nicholas Bacon, openning first meeting english Parliament of the rule of the queen Elizavety, has said: "Let each clever merchant, who leaves in journey, full dangers, ðàññòàíåòñÿ with a part of money to have other part safe".

The Carriers paid the dealers or banker "price of the risk" - an additional amount of the money depending on type of the nave, cargo and length of transportation. "Price of the risk" has got the name to insurance bonus (from armor. Rgeamium) So was born the profession of the insurer.

The Insurance as the form mutual aid appeared else on dawn mankind. His(its) prototype are considered çàåìíûå to operations ancient greek. Else Demosfen wrote about like practical person in sea trade ancient. The Loans issued for lease of the nave. Then, in the event of successful sail, returned with percent, or did not return completely if happened the disaster on sea. The Percent was installed so high that accumulated capital possible was use for covering sea risk.

Similar to modern insurance companies were an alliances peasants for mutual provision on event fire or case of the live-stock, for the first time come up for Icelands in XII age. The Alliances consisted of 20 prosperous peasants. In the event of misery part loss was paid material and work, a part - a money. The Icelandic alliances have not got spreading in Europe, where more popular was a sea insurance. The Known that already in 1300, in Belgium, were practised direct payments sea risk for insurance bonus. In following age were installed insurance tariffs on regular sails from London on continent and back. Developed insurance legislation, and already in the document XV age we meet in detail designed code insurance legislation that time. In 1601 at Parliament of the England was created commission on permit of the disputable questions contract sea insurance. In 1680 in England is opened first company in histories on insurance against fire. The Insurance business get popular and profitable.

The Following remarkable at a walk developments of the insurance deal became the appearance in Europe at the end XV age society mutual insurance - so named fire company (Brangilden) - originality which as nonprofit formation was noted by large theorist of the insurance by german professor A. Manesom, written in 1910 : "Join-stock companies are used in all branch of the economy nearly. The Mutual society - nearly in insurance" solely. À share companies appear with the end XVII age. The First such company - "Dutch- company" - was founded in 1602. However, in view of absence of the exact scientific methods of conduct of the statistics about accident, amount misfortunes, death-rate and pr., insurance remained although and profitable, but enough long shots. Only today, when insurance deal has on arms modern methods economic, statistical analysis, detailed designed code insurance legislation, rules of the insurance, You may be boldly entrusted insurance company.